Largest Mosque

1.  Al-Azhar Mosque
2.  Al Fateh Mosque
3.  Al-Masjid al-Nabawim

4.  Badshahi Mosque
5.  Baitul Futuh
6.  Baitul Mukarram
7.  Central Mosque, Almaty
8.  Conakry Grand Mosque
9.  Emir Abdelkader Mosque
10.Faisal Mosque

Invention of Zero in The India

History
The concept of zero as a number and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India, where, by the 9th century AD, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number, even in case of division. The Indian scholar Pingala (circa 5th-2nd century BC) used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), making it similar to Morse code. He and his contemporary Indian scholars used the Sanskrit word śūnya to refer to zero or void. The use of a blank on a counting board to represent 0 dated back in India to 4th century BC. In 498 AD, Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata stated that "sthānāt sthānaṁ daśaguņaṁ syāt" (literally, "place to place in ten times in value"),[citation needed] i.e. "from place to place each is ten times the preceding" which is the origin of the modern decimal-based place value notation.

The oldest known text to use a decimal place-value system, including a zero, is the Jain text from India entitled the Lokavibhâga, dated 458 AD, where shunya ("void" or "empty") was employed for this purpose. The first known use of special glyphs for the decimal digits that includes the indubitable appearance of a symbol for the digit zero, a small circle, appears on a stone inscription found at the Chaturbhuja Temple[disambiguation needed] at Gwalior in India, dated 876 AD. There are many documents on copper plates, with the same small o in them, dated back as far as the sixth century AD, but their authenticity may be doubted.

5 Largest temples

1. Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for the king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation – first Hindu, dedicated to the god Vishnu, then Buddhist. It is the world's largest religious building


2. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam
Srirangam temple is often listed as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world (the still larger Angkor Wat being the largest existing temple). The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m²) with a perimeter of 4,116m (10,710 feet) making it the largest temple in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world. The temple is enclosed by 7 concentric walls (termed prakarams(outer courtyard) or mathil suvar) with a total length of 32,592 feet or over six miles. These walls are enclosed by 21 Gopurams. However the entire temple is not used for the religious purpose, the first 3 out of seven concentric walls are used by private commercial establishments such as restaurants, hotels, folwer market, and residential homes Malcolm. Taking this detail into account, still the temple ranks third to in the list of large Hindu temples after Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram and Tiruvannamalai Annamalaiyar Temple.


3. Akshardham (Delhi)
Akshardham is a Hindu temple complex in Delhi, India.[3] Also referred to as Delhi Akshardham or Swaminarayan Akshardham, the complex displays millennia of traditional Indian and Hindu culture, spirituality, and architecture. The building was inspired and moderated by Pramukh Swami Maharaj, the spiritual head of the Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, whose 3,000 volunteers helped 7,000 artisans construct Akshardham.


4. Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram
Thillai Natarajah Temple, Chidambaram - Chidambaram Thillai Natarajar-Koothan Kovil or Chidambaram temple) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in the centre of the temple town of Chidambaram, East-Central Tamil Nadu, South India.Chidambaram is a temple complex spread over 40 acres (160,000 m2) in the heart of the city. Truly a large temple which is completely used for religious purpose. The main complex to Lord Shiva Nataraja also contains shrines to deities such as Sivakami Amman, Ganesh, Murugan and Vishnu in the form Govindaraja Perumal.


5. Annamalaiyar Temple
Annamalaiyar Temple is a noted Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and it is the second largest temple (by the area used completely for religious purpose). It has got four stately towers on all the four sides and four high stone walls just like the rampart walls of a fort. The 11 tiered Highest (217 feet (66 m)) Eastern Tower called the Rajagopuram. The fortified walls pierced with 4 gopura entrances offer a formidable look to this vast temple complex .

Largest temples in India

History of time measurement devices

A large variety of devices have been invented to measure time. The study of these devices is called horology.

An Egyptian device that dates to c.1500 BC, similar in shape to a bent T-square, measured the passage of time from the shadow cast by its crossbar on a nonlinear rule. The T was orientated eastward in the mornings. At noon, the device was turned around so that it could cast its shadow in the evening direction.

A sundial uses a gnomon to cast a shadow on a set of markings calibrated to the hour. The position of the shadow marks the hour in local time.

An Egyptian device that dates to c.1500 BC, similar in shape to a bent T-square, measured the passage of time from the shadow cast by its crossbar on a nonlinear rule. The T was orientated eastward in the mornings. At noon, the device was turned around so that it could cast its shadow in the evening direction.

A sundial uses a gnomon to cast a shadow on a set of markings calibrated to the hour. The position of the shadow marks the hour in local time.

The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Greeks and the people from Chaldea (southern Iraq) regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations. Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages. In the 11th century, Chinese inventors and engineers invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an escapement mechanism.

History of the calendar

Artifacts from the Palaeolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on twelve lunar months. Lunisolar calendars have a thirteenth month added to some years to make up for the difference between a full year (now known to be about 365.24 days) and a year of just twelve lunar months. The numbers twelve and thirteen came to feature prominently in many cultures, at least partly due to this relationship of months to years.

The reforms of Julius Caesar in 45 BC put the Roman world on a solar calendar. This Julian calendar was faulty in that its intercalation still allowed the astronomical solstices and equinoxes to advance against it by about 11 minutes per year. Pope Gregory XIII introduced a correction in 1582; the Gregorian calendar was only slowly adopted by different nations over a period of centuries, but is today by far the one in most common use around the world.

History of the calendar

Artifacts from the Palaeolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on twelve lunar months. Lunisolar calendars have a thirteenth month added to some years to make up for the difference between a full year (now known to be about 365.24 days) and a year of just twelve lunar months. The numbers twelve and thirteen came to feature prominently in many cultures, at least partly due to this relationship of months to years.

The reforms of Julius Caesar in 45 BC put the Roman world on a solar calendar. This Julian calendar was faulty in that its intercalation still allowed the astronomical solstices and equinoxes to advance against it by about 11 minutes per year. Pope Gregory XIII introduced a correction in 1582; the Gregorian calendar was only slowly adopted by different nations over a period of centuries, but is today by far the one in most common use around the world.

History of the calendar

Artifacts from the Palaeolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago.[28] Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on twelve lunar months. Lunisolar calendars have a thirteenth month added to some years to make up for the difference between a full year (now known to be about 365.24 days) and a year of just twelve lunar months. The numbers twelve and thirteen came to feature prominently in many cultures, at least partly due to this relationship of months to years.

The reforms of Julius Caesar in 45 BC put the Roman world on a solar calendar. This Julian calendar was faulty in that its intercalation still allowed the astronomical solstices and equinoxes to advance against it by about 11 minutes per year. Pope Gregory XIII introduced a correction in 1582; the Gregorian calendar was only slowly adopted by different nations over a period of centuries, but is today by far the one in most common use around the world.

History of the calendar

Wonders of World

Chichen Itza, Mexico - Mayan City
Christ Redeemer, Brazil - Large Statue
The Great Wall, China
Machu Picchu, Peru
Petra, Jordan - Ancient City
The Roman Colosseum, Italy
The Taj Mahal, India

Extraordinary diamonds

Koh-i-Noor
  A 105.6 carat (21.6 g) white of Indian origin, with a long and turbulent history and a good deal of legend surrounding it. After belonging to various Mughal and Persian rulers, it was gifted away by the Maharaja Duleep Singh of Lahore to Queen Victoria during the British Raj, and is now part of the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother.

Akbar Shah  (colorless color diamond )
An Indian diamond which became famous during the days of the Mughal Empire. A diamond with a roughly pear-shaped outline and random faceting, including two Persian inscriptions, the first reading "Shah Akbar, the Grand King, 1028 A.H." (the letters mean Anno Hegirae). The second inscription read "To the Lord of Two Worlds, 1039 A.H. Shah Jehan". The diamond was reportedly part of the original Peacock Throne. Purchased in 1886 in Istanbul by London merchant George Blogg, who re-cut it from 116 carats (23 g) to a pear-shape of 71.70 carats (14.34 g), thus destroying the historic inscriptions. Blogg was the last known owner and the stone's whereabouts are presently unknown.


Allnatt Diamond (Yellow color diamond )
A 101.29-carat (20.26 g) antique cushion-shaped brilliant fancy vivid yellow diamond. 


Agra Diamond  (colorless color diamond ) 
Antique cushion-shaped stellar brilliant, 28 carats (5.6 g).

Amarillo Starlight  (colorless color diamond ) 
The largest diamond found by a park visitor in the Crater of Diamonds State Park in Arkansas since 1972, when it was established as a state park. It was found by W. W. Johnson of Amarillo, Texas in 1975 and was a 16.37 carats (3.27 g) white diamond, but it has since been cut into a 7.54 carats (1,510 mg) marquise shape.


Amsterdam Diamond  (Black color diamond )  

A 33.74 carat (6.748 g) pear-shaped black diamond which sold for $352,000 in 2001.


The Angola Star
A 217.39 carat rough diamond found in Angola.


Archduke Joseph  (colorless color diamond ) 
Historical cushion-shaped, D colour, internally flawless Golconda diamond, sold on 13 November 2012 by Christies to an anonymous buyer for US$21.4M


Ashberg Diamond

About Diamonds

Diamond ( in the Greek means "unbreakable")
Diamond is renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities, most of which originate from the strong covalent bonding between its atoms. In particular, diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk material. Those properties determine the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools and the scientific applications in diamond knives and diamond anvil cells.

Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3,000 years but most likely 6,000 years.

Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as religious icons in ancient India. Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early human history. The popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of increased supply, improved cutting and polishing techniques, growth in the world economy, and innovative and successful advertising campaigns.

In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier used a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun on a diamond in an atmosphere of oxygen, and showed that the only product of the combustion was carbon dioxide, proving that diamond is composed of carbon. Later in 1797, Smithson Tennant repeated and expanded that experiment. By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas he established the chemical equivalence of these substances.

The most familiar use of diamonds today is as gemstones used for adornment, a use which dates back into antiquity. The dispersion of white light into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology have developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics, known informally as the four Cs, are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: these are carat, cut, color, and clarity.A large, flawless diamond is known as a paragon.

The formation of natural diamond requires very specific conditions—exposure of carbon-bearing materials to high pressure, ranging approximately between 45 and 60 kilobars (4.5 and 6 GPa), but at a comparatively low temperature range between approximately 900–1300 °C (1652–2372 °F). These conditions are met in two places on Earth; in the lithospheric mantle below relatively stable continental plates, and at the site of a meteorite strike,.

Diamond is the hardest known natural material on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, where hardness is defined as resistance to scratching and is graded between 1 (softest) and 10 (hardest). Diamond has a hardness of 10 (hardest) on this scale. Diamond's hardness has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name.

Diamond hardness depends on its purity, crystalline perfection and orientation: hardness is higher for flawless, pure crystals oriented to the <111> direction (along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice). Therefore, whereas it might be possible to scratch some diamonds with other materials, such as boron nitride, the hardest diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds and nanocrystalline diamond aggregates.

The hardness of diamond contributes to its suitability as a gemstone. Because it can only be scratched by other diamonds, it maintains its polish extremely well. Unlike many other gems, it is well-suited to daily wear because of its resistance to scratching—perhaps contributing to its popularity as the preferred gem in engagement or wedding rings, which are often worn every day.

Somewhat related to hardness is another mechanical property toughness, which is a material's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact.

Diamonds are lipophilic and hydrophobic, which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water but can be easily wet and stuck by oil. This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds.

Synthetic diamonds are diamonds manufactured in a laboratory, as opposed to diamonds mined from the Earth. The gemological and industrial uses of diamond have created a large demand for rough stones. This demand has been satisfied in large part by synthetic diamonds, which have been manufactured by various processes for more than half a century. However, in recent years it has become possible to produce gem-quality synthetic diamonds of significant size.

At present, the annual production of gem quality synthetic diamonds is only a few thousand carats, whereas the total production of natural diamonds is around 120,000,000 carats (24,000 kg). Despite this fact, a purchaser is more likely to encounter a synthetic when looking for a fancy-colored diamond because nearly all synthetic diamonds are fancy-colored, while only 0.01% of natural diamonds are.

Identification

Early diamond identification tests included a scratch test relying on the superior hardness of diamond. This test is destructive, as a diamond can scratch diamond, and is rarely used nowadays. Instead, diamond identification relies on its superior thermal conductivity. Electronic thermal probes are widely used in the gemological centers to separate diamonds from their imitations. These probes consist of a pair of battery-powered thermistors mounted in a fine copper tip. One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip: if the stone being tested is a diamond, it will conduct the tip's thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop. This test takes about 2–3 seconds.

Whereas the thermal probe can separate diamonds from most of their simulants, distinguishing between various types of diamond, for example synthetic or natural, irradiated or non-irradiated, etc., requires more advanced, optical techniques. Those techniques are also used for some diamonds simulants, such as silicon carbide, which pass the thermal conductivity test. Optical techniques can distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds. They can also identify the vast majority of treated natural diamonds. "Perfect" crystals (at the atomic lattice level) have never been found, so both natural and synthetic diamonds always possess characteristic imperfections, arising from the circumstances of their crystal growth, that allow them to be distinguished from each other.

Laboratories use techniques such as spectroscopy, microscopy and luminescence under shortwave ultraviolet light to determine a diamond's origin. They also use specially made instruments to aid them in the identification process. Two screening instruments are the DiamondSure and the DiamondView, both produced by the DTC and marketed by the GIA.

Several methods for identifying synthetic diamonds can be performed, depending on the method of production and the color of the diamond. CVD diamonds can usually be identified by an orange fluorescence. D-J colored diamonds can be screened through the Swiss Gemmological Institute's[104] Diamond Spotter. Stones in the D-Z color range can be examined through the DiamondSure UV/visible spectrometer, a tool developed by De Beers.[102] Similarly, natural diamonds usually have minor imperfections and flaws, such as inclusions of foreign material, that are not seen in synthetic diamonds.

Sayaris

Jaha yad na aye wo tanhai kis kam ki,
Bigde rishte na bane to khudai kis kam ki,
Beshak apni manzil tk jana h,
Par jaha se apne na dikhe wo uchai kis kaam ki…

======================================
Teraa Khayaal Dil Se Mitaayaa Nahin Abhi
Bedard Main Ne Tujh Ko Bhulaayaa Nahin Abhi

Kal Tune Muskuraa Ke Jalaayaa Thaa Khud Jise
Sine Aa Vo Charaag Bujhaayaa Nahin Abhi

Gardaan Ko Aaj Bhi Tere Baahon Ki Yaad Hai
Chaukhat Se Teri Sar Ko Uthaayaa Nahin Abhi

Behosh Hoke Jald Tujhe Hosh Aa Gaayaa
Main Badanasib Hosh Men Aayaa Nahin Abhi
======================================

"" Zindagi Sirf Mohabbat Nahi Kuch Aur Bhi Hai
Zulf-O-Rukhsaar Ki Jannat Nahi Kuch Aur Bhi Hai

Bhookh Aur Pyaas Ki Maari Hui Is Duniya Mein
Ishq Hi Ek Haqeeqat Nahi Kuch Aur Bhi Hai""


======================================
this song is best one by Pankaj udhaas Ji
______________________-
Besan ki sondhi roti par
Khatti chatni jaisi maa
Yaad aati hai chauka-baasan
Chimta phukani jaisi maa

Baans ki khurri khaat ke oopar
Har aahat par kaan dhare
Aadhi soyee aadhi jaagi
Thaki dopahari jaisi maa
Chirdiyon ke chahakaar mein gunjey
Raadha-mohan ali-ali
Murghe ki awaaz se khulti
Ghar ki kundi jaisi maa

Biwi, beti, behan, pardosan
Thordi thordi si sab mein
Din bhar ek rassi ke oopar
Chalati natni jaisi maa

Baant ke apna chehra, maatha,
Aankhien jaane kahaan ga-yin
Phatey puraane ek album mein
Chanchal lardki jaisi maa

========================================

aqaaid waham haiN, mazhab Khayaal-e-Khaam hai saaqi
azal se zehn-e-insaaN basta-e-auhaam hai saaqi

haqeeqat aashnaaii asl meiN gumkardah raahii hai
aroos-e-aagahii parvardah-e-ibhaam hai saaqi

mubaarak ho za�eefii ko Khirad ki falsafadaanii
javaabii be-niyaaz-e-ibrat-e-anjaam hai saaqii

havas hogii aseer-e-Halqa-e-nek-o-bad-e-aalam
muhabbat maavara-e-fikr-e-naNg-o-naam hai saaqi

abhii tak raaste ke pech-o-Kham se dil dhaRaktaa hai
mira zauq-e-talab shaayad abhii tak Khaam hai saaqi

vahaaN bhejaa gayaa houN chaak karne parda-e-shab ko
jahaaN har subah ke daaman pe aks-e-shaam hai saaqii

mire saaGhar meiN mai hai aur tire haathoN meiN barbat hai
vatan ki sarzameeN meiN bhook se kuhraam hai saaqii

zamanaa barsar-e-paikaar hai purhol sho�oloN se
tire lab par abhii tak naGhma-e-Khayyaam hai saaqii

�aqaaid = rules (here it means perhaps religious beliefs)
mazhab = religion
Khyaal-e-Khaam = an immature thought.. a thought which hasn�t riped yet or reached its full potential
azal = from the beginning
zehn-e-insaaN = the mind of mankind
basta-e-auhaam = struck with doubts, full of doubts
haqeeqat aashnaaii = the knowledge of truth
gumkardah-raahii = strayed path
aroos-e-aagahi = bride of knowledge
parvardah-e-ibhaam = bread and brought up by doubt
za�eefi = old-age
Khirad = knowledge, mind
falsafadaani = philosophy
beniyaaz-e-ibrat-e-anjaam = able to dispense with the fear of the outcome
hawas = lust
aseer-e-halqa-e-nek-o-bad-e-aalam = capatured by world�s criterias of good and bad
maavaara = beyond
fikr-e-naNg-o-naam = shameful - disgraced thoughts
pech-o-Kham = twists and bends and curves
zauq-e-talab = search of delight, pleasure
parda-e-shab = the curtain of night
aks-e-shaam = the shadow of the evening
saaGhar = glass (of wine usually)
barbat = harp
kuhraam = lamentation, weeping
barsar-e-paikaar = head on in the battle
purhol = dreadful
naGhma-e-Khayyam = the song of Khayyaam

==========================================================

"Tumhari Mast Nazar Agar Idhar Nahin Hoti
Nashe Mein Chur Fizaa Is Kadar Nahin Hoti

Tumhin Ko Dekhane Ki Dil Men Aarazuen Hain
Tamhare Aage Hi Aur Unchi Nazar Nahin Hoti

Khafaa Na Honaa Agar Bad Ke Thaam Lun Daaman
Ye Dil Fareb Khataa Jaan Kar Nahin Hoti

Tumhare Aane Talak Ham Ko Hosh Rahataa Hai
Phir Usake Baad Hamen Kuchh Khabar Nahin Hoti"

================================================================

LIFE

Life is the sum of experiences that we encounter as we go through life. Day to day struggles and triumphs are experienced by all of the world's creatures. As human beings, when we encounter a challenge, we have freedom to choose how to react. Every decision that we make leads us down a different road. We will never come to exactly the same crossroads. Every decision the we make has significance. The tiniest choice that we make reverberates throughout the entire universe. :)

People in the world with the same face

Yes it is true that there are 7 people that look alike in the world. Even if they don't look "alike" exactly they may be resembling each other.

Who invented english grammar?

The first English grammar, Pamphlet for Grammar by William Bullokar, written with the seeming goal of demonstrating that English was quite as rule-bound as Latin, was published in 1586. Bullokar's grammar was faithfully modeled on William Lily's Latin grammar, Rudimenta Grammatices (1534). Lily's grammar was being used in schools in England at that time, having been "prescribed" for them in 1542 by Henry VIII. Although Bullokar wrote his grammar in English and used a "reformed spelling system" of his own invention, many English grammars, for much of the century after Bullokar's effort, were to be written in Latin; this was especially so for books whose authors were aiming to be scholarly. Christopher Cooper's Grammatica Linguæ Anglicanæ (1685) was the last English grammar written in Latin.

The yoke of Latin grammar writing bore down oppressively on much of the early history of English grammars. Any attempt by one author to assert an independent grammatical rule for English was quickly followed by equal avowals by others of truth of the corresponding Latin-based equivalent. Even as late as the early 19th century, Lindley Murray, the author of one of the most widely used grammars of the day, was having to cite "grammatical authorities" to bolster the claim that grammatical cases in English are different from those in Ancient Greek or Latin.

The focus on tradition, however, belied the role that other social forces had already begun to play in the early seventeenth century. In particular, increasing commerce, and the social changes it wrought, created new impetus for grammar writing. On the one hand, greater British role in international trade created demand for English grammars for speakers of other languages. Many such grammars were published in various European languages in the second half of the seventeenth century. On the other hand, English grammars began to reach a wider audience within Britain itself. They spread beyond their erstwhile readership of "learned," privileged, adult males to other groups of native speakers such as women, merchants, tradesmen, and even schoolboys. Consequently, by the early eighteenth century, many grammars, such as John Brightland's A Grammar of the English tongue (1711) and James Greenwood's Essay towards a practical English grammar, were targeting people without "Latin background," including the "fair sex" and children.

If by the end of the seventeenth century English grammar writing had made a modest start, totaling 16 new grammars since Bullokar's Pamphlet of 115 years before, by the end of the eighteenth, the pace was positively brisk; 270 new titles were added during that century. Both publishing and demand, moreover, would continue to mushroom. The first half of the nineteenth century would see the appearance of almost 900 new books on English grammar. Showing little originality, most new books took the tack of claiming—as justification for their appearance—that the needs of their particular target audience were still unmet or that a particular "grammatical point" had not been treated adequately in the preexisting texts, or oftentimes both. Texts that were both utilitarian and egalitarian were proliferating everywhere. Edward Shelley's The people's grammar; or English grammar without difficulties for 'the million' (1848), for example, was written for "the mechanic and hard-working youth, in their solitary struggles for the acquirement of knowledge." Similarly, William Cobbett's popular mid-century book was titled, A Grammar of the English Language, In a Series of Letters: Intended for the Use of Schools and of Young Persons in General, but more especially for the use of Soldiers, Sailors, Apprentices, and Plough-Boys.

Who invented geography?

The Greek scholar Eratosthenes is credited with the first use of the word "geography" in the third century B.C. He is also known as the "father of geography" for his geographical writing and accomplishments, including the measurement of the circumference of the Earth.

The Bhagwad Gita Chapter-1

Chapter One
Observing the Armies

Sainya-darsana

1) Dhrtarastra said: O Sanjaya, what did my sons and the sons of
Pandu do, after assembling for battle at the holy place of
Kuruksetra?

2) Sanjaya said: Looking over the Pandavas' soldiers and armies
arrayed in military formation, King Duryodhana approached
Dronacarya and spoke as follows:
3) O master, please observe the great armies of the Pandavas,
arrayed in military formation by your intelligent disciple,
Dhrstadyumna.
4-6) Among these soldiers are the expert bowmen Bhima and
Arjuna, as well as others who are equally expert, such as Satyaki,
King Virata, the great fighter Drupada, Dhrstaketu, Cekitana, the
mighty hero Kasiraja, Purujit, Kuntibhoja, the noble King
Saibya, valiant Yudhamanyu, heroic Uttamauja, Abhimanyu, and
the sons of Draupadi all of whom are certainly great warriors.
7) O best of the twice-born, please also be informed of the great
heroes and leaders of our armies. I shall now fully describe them
for your consideration.
8-9) Besides your worthy self, who are always victorious in battle,
and Bhisma, Karna, Krpacarya, Asvatthama, Vikarna,
Saumadatti (Bhurisrava), and Jayadratha, there are many other
heroes who are expert in the art of warfare; they are all armed
with various weapons and are determined to lay down their very
lives for me.
10) Our army, headed by Bhisma, is inadequate, whereas the
army of the Pandavas, protected by Bhima, is competent.
11) Therefore, remaining in your respective divisions at the
strategic points of the formation, please cooperate to protect
Grandfather Bhisma.
12) Then, with a war-cry like the roar of a lion, Bhisma, the
mighty grandsire of the Kurus, loudly blew his conchshell to
encourage Duryodhana.
13) At once, conchshells, kettledrums, hand-drums, bugles, and
other instruments were suddenly sounded, producing a
tumultuous vibration.
14) On the other side, Lord Sri Krsna and Arjuna, in a grand
chariot drawn by white horses, resounded their divine
conchshells.
15) Hrsikesa sounded His conchshell, Pancajanya; Dhananjaya
sounded his, the Devadatta; and Bhimasena, the performer of
mighty tasks, blew the great conchshell named Paundra.
16) King Yudhisthira, the son of Kunti, blew the Anantavijaya,
while Nakula and Sahadeva sounded the conchshells named
Sughosa and Manipuspaka respectively.
17, 18) O lord of the earth, the expert bowman Kasiraja, the great
warrior Sikhandi, Dhrstadyumna, King Virata, the
unconquerable Satyaki, King Drupada, the sons of Draupadi and
the mighty son of Subhadra, Abhimanyu all sounded their
respective conchshells.
19) The tremendous sound of those conchshells, resounding
throughout the land and heavens, pierced the hearts of the sons of
Dhrtarastra.
20) O King, at that time, Dhananjaya (Arjuna), mounted on a
chariot decorated with the flag of Hanuman, was ready to release
his weapons. Seeing Duryodhana and his company poised for
battle, he picked up his bow and spoke to Sri Krsna as follows:
21-23) Arjuna said: O Krsna, please place my chariot between the
two armies, so I may observe the warriors with whom I must
contend on this battlefield, and who have come to fight for the
satisfaction of the wicked Duryodhana.
24-25) Sanjaya said: O descendant of Bharata, after the vigilant
Arjuna spoke these words, Sri Krsna (the Lord of all senses)
maneuvered the grand chariot between both armies, in front of
Bhisma, Drona, and all the emperors. The Lord then said: O
Partha, behold the Kauravas assembled here for battle.
26) There, within both armies, Arjuna could actually see fatherly
elders, grandfathers, teachers, maternal uncles, brothers, sons,
grandsons, fathers-in-law, friends, and other well-wishers.
27) Thus, seeing his own kinsmen present on the battlefield, the
son of Kunti, Arjuna, griefstricken and overwhelmed with great
compassion, spoke the following words:
28) Arjuna said: O Krsna! Seeing my own relatives all standing
before me eager for warfare, my limbs are being sapped of their
strength and my mouth feels parched.
29) My whole body is trembling and bristling. I am losing grip of
my bow Gandiva, and my skin is burning.
30) O Kesava! I cannot contain myself any longer. My mind is
bewildered, and I see only hostile signs fraught with evil.
31) Nor do I see any good in killing my own relatives in this battle.
O Krsna, I have no desire for victory, kingdom, or happiness.
32-34) O Govinda, of what value is our kingdom? What is the
purpose of happiness and enjoyment, if those for whom we desire
all this - teachers, fatherly elders, sons, grandfathers, maternal
uncles, fathers-in-law, grandsons, brothers-in-law, and other
relatives have today arrived for battle, ready to sacrifice their
very lives and possessions? Therefore, O Madhusudana, even if
they want to take my life, I do not wish to kill them.
35) O Janardana, even if we gain sovereignty over the three
worlds, not to speak of ruling over the earth, what happiness shall
we obtain by killing Duryodhana and company?
36) Only sin will befall us if we slay our teachers and guardians,
even if they be our aggressors. We cannot take the lives of our
own relatives, the sons of Dhrtarastra. O Madhava, how can we be
happy by killing our own kinsmen?
37-38) Although these men, their hearts afflicted by greed, cannot
see the grave sin of fighting with friends and killing family
members, why, O Janardana, should we not refrain from this
heinous act, being in full knowledge of the grave consequences?
39) With the decline of the dynasty, the religious traditions of the
family are curtailed. When religious practices are thus disrupted,
the entire remaining dynasty is overwhelmed by irreligion.
40) O Krsna, descendant of the Vrsni dynasty, when the family is
thus predominated by irreligion, the women of the family become
depraved, and from adultery, unwanted and unvirtuous progeny
is born.
41) Undesirable progeny forces both the family and its destroyers
into a hellish condition. The same fate befalls the ancestors of that
family, because the regular offerings of food and water to those
ancestors are discontinued.
42) The heinous acts of such destroyers of the dynasty cause the
outbreak of mongrelized progeny. By those acts, ageless family
tradition and noble high lineage are utterly devastated.
43) O Janardana, we have heard that persons whose familial,
social, and religious traditions are disrupted dwell always in hell.
44) Alas! What a grave sin we have decided to commit. Driven by
our greed for trifling royal happiness, we are about to kill our
own kinsmen.
45) If unarmed and unresisting, I were to be killed on this
battlefield by the armed sons of Dhrtarastra, then that would be
much more auspicious for me.
46) Sanjaya said: Having thus spoken on the battlefield, Arjuna
cast aside his bow and arrows and sat down on the chariot, his
heart overwhelmed with lamentation.

From The Bhagwad Gita

"yada yada hi dharmasya
glanir bhavati bharata
abhyutthanam adharmasya
tadatmanam srjamy aham" (Bhagwat Gita: Chapter Four verse 7)

"Sri Krishna said: Whenever and wherever there is a decline in virtue/religious practice, O Arjuna, and a predominant rise of irreligion—at that time I descend Myself, i.e. I manifest Myself as an embodied being."

"paritranaya sadhunam
vinasaya cha duskritam
dharma-samsthapanarthaya
sambhavami yuge yuge" (Bhagwat Gita: Chapter Four verse 8)

"Sri Krishna said: To deliver the pious and to annihilate the miscreants, as well as to reestablish the principles of religion, I Myself appear, millennium after millennium."

"karmany evadhikaras te
ma phalesu kadachana
ma karma-phala-hetur bhur
ma te sango ’stv akarmani" (Bhagwat Gita: Chapter Two verse 47)

"Sri Krishna said: You have a right to perform your prescribed duty, but you are not entitled to the fruits of action. Never consider yourself the cause of the results of your activities, and never be attached to not doing your duty."

"na jayate mriyate va kadacin
nayam bhutva bhavita va na bhuyah
ajo nityah sasvato ’yam purano
na hanyate hanyamane sarire" (Bhagwat Gita: Chapter Two verse 20)

"Sri Krishna said: The soul is never born nor dies at any time. Soul has not come into being, does not come into being, and will not come into being. Soul is unborn, eternal, ever-existing and primeval. Soul is not slain when the body is slain."

"vasamsi jirnani yatha vihaya
navani grhnati naro ’parani
tatha sarirani vihaya jirnany
anyani samyati navani dehi" (Bhagwat Gita: Chapter Two verse 22)

"Sri Krishna said: As a human being puts on new garments, giving up old ones, the soul similarly accepts new material bodies, giving up the old and useless ones."

The Wisdom of the Bhagavad Gita

tter indeed is knowledge than mechanical practice. Better than knowledge is meditation. But better still is surrender of attachment to results, because there follows immediate peace.


Neither in this world nor elsewhere is there any happiness in store for him who always doubts.


Delusion arises from anger. The mind is bewildered by delusion. Reasoning is destroyed when the mind is bewildered. One falls down when reasoning is destroyed.


Man is made by his belief. As he believes, so he is.


The mind is restless and difficult to restrain, but it is subdued by practice.


There has never been a time when you and I have not existed, nor will there be a time when we will cease to exist. As the same person inhabits the body through childhood, youth, and old age, so too at the time of death he attains another body. The wise are not deluded by these changes.


Those who eat too much or eat too little, who sleep too much or sleep too little, will not succeed in meditation. But those who are temperate in eating and sleeping, work and recreation, will come to the end of sorrow through meditation.


Still your mind in me, still yourself in me, and without a doubt you shall be united with me, Lord of Love, dwelling in your heart.


The soul who meditates on the Self is content to serve the Self and rests satisfied within the Self; there remains nothing more for him to accomplish.


Fear Not. What is not real, never was and never will be. What is real, always was and cannot be destroyed.


Not by refraining from action does man attain freedom from action. Not by mere renunciation does he attain supreme perfection.


Action is greater than inaction. Perform therefore thy task in life. Even the life of the body could not be if there were no action.


When the sage climbs the heights of Yoga, he follows the path of work; but when he reaches the heights of Yoga, he is in the land of peace.


Whenever the mind unsteady and restless strays away from the spirit, let him ever and for ever lead it again to the spirit.


No work stains a man who is pure, who is in harmony, who is master of his life, whose soul is one with the soul of all.


Make your mind one-pointed in meditation, and your heart will be purified. . . . With all fears dissolved in the peace of the Self and all desires dedicated to Brahman, controlling the mind and fixing it on me (God), sit in meditation with me as your only goal. With senses and mind constantly controlled through meditation, united with the Self within, an aspirant attains nirvana, the state of abiding joy and peace in me.

The Wisdom of the Bhagavad Gita

Quotes By Sai Baba

Life is a song - sing it. Life is a game - play it. Life is a challenge - meet it. Life is a dream - realize it. Life is a sacrifice - offer it. Life is love - enjoy it.
Sai Baba


Love one another and help others to rise to the higher levels, simply by pouring out love. Love is infectious and the greatest healing energy.
Sai Baba


All action results from thought, so it is thoughts that matter.
Sai Baba


Do not be misled by what you see around you, or be influenced by what you see. You live in a world which is a playground of illusion, full of false paths, false values and false ideals. But you are not part of that world.
Sai Baba


What matters is to live in the present, live now, for every moment is now. It is your thoughts and acts of the moment that create your future. The outline of your future path already exists, for you created its pattern by your past.
Sai Baba


Man learns through experience, and the spiritual path is full of different kinds of experiences. He will encounter many difficulties and obstacles, and they are the very experiences he needs to encourage and complete the cleansing process.
Sai Baba


A house must be built on solid foundations if it is to last. The same principle applies to man, otherwise he too will sink back into the soft ground and becomes swallowed up by the world of illusion.
Sai Baba


You must pass your days in song. Let your whole life be a song.
Sai Baba


Let love flow so that it cleanses the world. Then man can live in peace, instead of the state of turmoil he has created through his past ways of life, with all those material interests and earthly ambitions.
Sai Baba


You must be a lotus, unfolding its petals when the sun rises in the sky, unaffected by the slush where it is born or even the water which sustains it!
Sai Baba


What is new in the world? Nothing. What is old in the world? Nothing. Everything has always been and will always be.
Sai Baba


The life ahead can only be glorious if you learn to live in total harmony with the Lord.
Sai Baba


Man is lost and is wandering in a jungle where real values have no meaning. Real values can have meaning to man only when he steps on to the spiritual path, a path where negative emotions have no use.
Sai Baba


Look out into the universe and contemplate the glory of God. Observe the stars, millions of them, twinkling in the night sky, all with a message of unity, part of the very nature of God.
Sai Baba


Man seeks to change the foods available in nature to suit his tastes, thereby putting an end to the very essence of life contained in them.
Sai Baba

Life Quotes

Everything in life is luck.
------------Donald Trump

The most important thing is to enjoy your life - to be happy - it's all that matters.
------------Audrey Hepburn

In three words I can sum up everything I've learned about life: it goes on.
-------Robert Frost

Do not dwell in the past, do not dream of the future, concentrate the mind on the present moment.
----------Buddha

A life spent making mistakes is not only more honorable, but more useful than a life spent doing nothing.
-----------------George Bernard Shaw

All life is an experiment. The more experiments you make the better.
----------------Ralph Waldo Emerson

A man who dares to waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life.
-----------------------Charles Darwin

When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit of talent left, and could say, 'I used everything you gave me'.
-------------------Erma Bombeck

Life is what happens while you are busy making other plans.
-----------------John Lennon

Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.
------------------John F. Kennedy

You will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life.
---------------------Albert Camus

Life is a song - sing it. Life is a game - play it. Life is a challenge - meet it. Life is a dream - realize it. Life is a sacrifice - offer it. Life is love - enjoy it.
-------------------Sai Baba

Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated.
-----------------Confucius

Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.
----------------Albert Einstein

Don't go through life, grow through life.
---------------Eric Butterworth

My formula for living is quite simple. I get up in the morning and I go to bed at night. In between, I occupy myself as best I can.
-----------------Cary Grant

Everything has been figured out, except how to live.
-----------------Jean-Paul Sartre

I do not regret one moment of my life.
---------------Lillie Langtry

It is not length of life, but depth of life.
--------------Ralph Waldo Emerson

Good friends, good books and a sleepy conscience: this is the ideal life.
--------------Mark Twain

We must let go of the life we have planned, so as to accept the one that is waiting for us.
---------------Joseph Campbell

Begin at once to live, and count each separate day as a separate life.
--------------Seneca

We need to give each other the space to grow, to be ourselves, to exercise our diversity. We need to give each other space so that we may both give and receive such beautiful things as ideas, openness, dignity, joy, healing, and inclusion.
-------------Max de Pree

The price of anything is the amount of life you exchange for it.
------------Henry David Thoreau

When we remember we are all mad, the mysteries disappear and life stands explained.
-----------------Mark Twain

Life is a succession of lessons which must be lived to be understood.
----------------Helen Keller

There are three constants in life... change, choice and principles.
--------------Stephen Covey

People living deeply have no fear of death.
--------------Anais Nin

To live a pure unselfish life, one must count nothing as one's own in the midst of abundance.
--------------Buddha

Life is half spent before we know what it is.
-------------George Herbert

Mehndi Design

How to Read Bar Code on Products U Buy?

It is important to read the bar code to
track its origin. How to read Bar Codes
....interesting !
If the first 3 digits of the bar code are
690, 691 or 692, theproduct is MADE IN
CHINA. 471is Made in Taiwan .
If the first 3 digits of the barcode are
00-09 then it's made or sourced in
USA
This is our right to know, but the
government and related departments
never educate the public, therefore
we have to RESCUE ourselves.
Nowadays, Chinese businessmen
know that consumers do not prefer
products"MADE IN CHINA", so they
don't show from which country it is
made.

However, you may now refer to the
barcode - remember if the first 3
digits are:
890......MADE IN INDIA
690, 691, 692 ... then it is
MADE IN CHINA
00 - 09 ... USA and CANADA
30 - 37 ... FRANCE
40 - 44 ... GERMANY
471 ........ Taiwan
49 .......... JAPAN
50 .......... UK
— with Jawed Pathan and Isabella Middleton.

Exploring

http://www.cashcrate.com/39869

Now a days Digging to know about it..

Wenlock and Mandeville

Wenlock and Mandeville are the official mascots for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics being held in London, United Kingdom.

The mascots were unveiled on 19 May 2010; this marks the second time (after Vancouver's Miga, Quatchi, Sumi and Mukmuk) that both Olympic and Paralympic mascots were unveiled at the same time. The mascots were created and designed by iris, a London-based creative agency.Wenlock and Mandeville are animations depicting two drops of steel from a steelworks in Bolton. They are named after the Shropshire town of Much Wenlock, which held a forerunner of the current Olympic Games, and Stoke Mandeville Hospital, a facility in Buckinghamshire that initially organised the Stoke Mandeville Games, the precursor of the Paralympic Games.

Wenlock

Wenlock’s name is inspired by Much Wenlock in Shropshire, England, where the Wenlock Olympian Society held its first Olympian Games in 1850, regarded as an inspiration for the modern Olympic games. He has five friendship bracelets on his wrist. Each bracelet takes the colour of an Olympic ring. The three points on his head represent the three places on the podium. The pattern on his body with the logo of the games symbolises the whole world coming to London in 2012. The shape on the front of his head represents the shape of the Olympic stadium roof. In the run-up to the games Wenlock hopes to make as many friends as possible and always looks on the bright side of life.[citation needed]

Mandeville

Mandeville at Horse Guards Parade

Mandeville's name comes from the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England which organised the Stoke Mandeville Games in 1948, a competition for injured soldiers; they are regarded as the inspiration for the Paralympics.

ONGC Recruitment 2012

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) announced for filling up Graduate trainee vacancies in various departments under ONGC. Applications are invited in online mode with certain application fee through challan form. Aspirants need to have concerned certificates to recruitment. Applicants may apply through online portal of ONGC and navigate apply online link. Aspirants just stuff application form with concerned details of past year qualification. Also aspirants fill up correct details of challan form on online form for getting exact receipt for further actions. Privatejobshub tried to perform all criterion for apply this recruitment. Aspirants need to read it carefully and follow step with corresponding details.
ONGC Recruitment 2012 details: Name of the Organization Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC)
Post Graduate Trainee
No. of post 889
Educational Qualification N/A
Selection Procedure Written test & Interview
Age Limit 30 year as on 26th August 2012
Last date for application 26th August 2012
Not happy with this recruitment looking for more Government jobs


More details on vacancies: S.No Department No. of vacancies
1 Geology 50 Posts (UR – 25 : OBC – 13 : SC – 05 : ST – 07 )
2 Geo Physics (Surface) 30 Posts (UR – 22 : OBC – 04 : SC – 02 : ST – 02)
3 Geo Physics (Wells) 24 Posts ( UR – 16 : OBC – 07 : SC – 01 )
4 Chemistry 60 Posts (UR – 34 : OBC – 17 : SC – 07 : ST – 02)
5 Reservoir 47 Posts (UR – 24 : OBC – 14 : SC – 08 : ST – 01)
6 Programming 21 Posts (UR – 11 : OBC – 04 : SC – 04 : St – 02)
7 Production 220 Posts (UR – 110 : OBC – 56 : SC – 29 : ST – 25)
8 Drilling 110 Posts (UR – 58 : OBC – 36 : SC – 06 : ST – 10)
9 Cementing 20 Posts (UR – 10 : OBC – 06 : SC – 03 : ST – 01)
10 Mechanical 60 Posts (UR – 30 : OBC – 08 : SC – 01 : ST – 11)
11 Electrical 40 Posts (UR – 20 : OBC – 12 : SC – 01 : ST – 07)
12 E & T 45 Posts ( UR – 26 : OBC – 11 : SC – 08)
13 Instrumentation 30 Posts (UR – 19 : OBC – 03 : SC – 08)
14 Transport 11 Posts (UR – 06 : OBC – 01 : SC – 02 : ST – 02)
15 Civil 15 Posts (UR – 12 : OBC – 03)
16 Finance and Accounts 34 Posts (UR – 23 : OBC – 10 : ST – 01)
17 HR 25 Posts (UR – 13 : OBC – 04 : SC – 05 : ST – 03)
18 MM 31 Posts ( UR – 19 : OBC – 06 : Sc – 06)
19 Medical 07 Posts (UR – 04 : OBC – 01 : SC – 01 : ST – 01)
20 Security 09 Post ( UR – 05 : OBC – 02 : St – 02)


Age limitation: Aspirants are eligible for this recruitment if they fulfil the age criterion defined by ONGC. Aspirants need to have age 30 year as on 26th August 2012. Also applicants having reserved caste certificate will have relaxation in age limitation as per Govt. regulation.

Pay scale: ONGC published a standard pay scale for each post. Pay scale starts from Rs.24, 900 and finish at 50,500/- per month. ONGC published a 3% increment in remuneration per year and accommodations are given to appointed aspirants.

Selection Procedure: Contender will have to attend written test conducted by ONGC and further qualified applicants will be requested for personal interview. After both test a merit list will be prepared by ONGC and finally aspirants will be selected through merit list performance.
Selection Process in Competitive Exams
Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers
Preparation Tips for Written Exam

Application fee: Contender who wishes to apply must paid application fee for application form through State bank of India and they are needed to download the challan form through official portal. Now they are requested to submit Rs.500/- for GEN/OBC and Rs.100/- for reserved category.

How to apply: ONGC presents application mode in online and can be processed through official portal. Before apply applicants need to submit application fee. Now aspirants must go for official portal for online apply. Now they have to insert information on form and must match with academic qualification. Now they have to upload scanning photo in upload box and press submit. Now it will prompt for enter application fee details. Now submit details and press submit. Portal will prompt for verification for entered details now press submit button. Applicants are advised to take print out of filled application for further actions.
How to fill Online Application Form

Last Date of application submission: 26th August 2012.

Friendship Day

TO All My Friends,
THe Moments spent together

Friends are chosen by self
just differnt than relationship
Understanding ,Helping, Sharing, Teasing, Making Mock

Far away from Ego, Class, Standard
Friends Are Just Friends Beyond all category, Race, Language, Boundation And All the Rules & Regulation of the World

Just Pure Like Rain Drops
No Racism, No LOC
Only the Language of Friendship ...
No Value for Friendship ,
Valueless Friendship ,
It is Unvalueable "Unique & ANMOL-FOREVER FRIENDS",
Thats wy Friends Are Special

Since Not aalllll of the Group is diverted in the aspects of Life
But still Sending Mails
Tagging in Pictures, Teasing Poking

ANd MISSING them all
And Drops of tears slips
While Watch others wid groups altogether
But having Fight Whn meet wid u frnds
and all the Complaining Sides Peep out....

I think Its Frndship

Wid Regards & Lots of Love
And
I Miss All of my Friends Not in Mind But by Heart

SWATI.....
Happy Friendship Day To U ALL

Life Quotes

"Don't take Life Too Seriously. You will never escape it alive anyway."
"Don't follow where the path may lead. Go instead where there is no Path and leave a trail ."
"Without order nothing can exist-without chaos nothing can evolve."
"Time you enjoy wasting is never wasted."
"Better to Light a candle than curse the darkness."
"Beauty lies in the eyes of beholder."
"Beauty is only skin deep, and the world is full of thin skinned people."
"Enjoy every minute. There's plenty of time to be dead."
"Confusion is the door that wisdom comes in through."
"."

Suicide?

"Suicide is a Long Term Answer, to a Short term Problem."

1) In the Union Budget 2011-12, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee proposed to increase the Income Tax Exemption Limit   for individual tax payers from Rs 1 lakh 60 thousand to _?

a.1 lakh 80 thousand

b.1 lakh 90 thousand

c. 2 lakh

d.2 lakh 20 thousand

2) A team from Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada, discovered that a green alga invades tiny developing salamander embryos.  What is this phenomenon called?

a)Symbiosis

b)Photosynthesis

c) Ecdysis

d) Aestivation

3) Which of the following Bollywood Actress won the Best Actress trophy at the 13th London Asian Film Festival for her performance in Onir’s I AM?

a.Nandita Das

b.Juhi Chawla

c.Tabu

d.Konkona Sen Sharma

4) Noted Social worker Anna Hazare on 5 April 2011 started his hunger strike  at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi to protest against the reported delay in bringing in which of the following bills to effectively deal with corruption?

a. Lokpal Bill

b. The Competition (Amendment) Bill

c. The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Bill

d. The Appropriation (No.3 ) Bill

5) Who won the National Jute Board-Kolkata international squash at Calcutta Racket Club on 3 April 2011 after defeating Omar Mosaad?

a.Karim Darwish

b.Khawaja Adil Maqbool

c. Ritwik Bhattacharya

d. Peter Nicol

6) Read the following statements:

1.He won the ATP Miami Masters crown by defeating Nadal and thus remained unbeaten in 2011.

2.He captured all four titles- the Australian Open, Dubai, elite Masters titles at Indian Wells and Miami in 2011.

3.He had won his first Miami Masters title in 2007.

4.He joined Roger Federer, Andre Agassi and Pete Sampras as the only players to win the Australian Open, Indian Wells and Miami in the same year.Identify the tennis player being referred to.

a.Novak Djokovic

b.Roger Federer

c. Andy Murray

d.Rafael Nadal

7) At the National Conference on Kharif Strategies, Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar on 6 April 2011 mentioned that India has achieved an all-time high production of foodgrains. What was the estimation regarding foodgain production in 2010-11?

a.235.88 million tonnes

b.215 million tonnes

c. 261.34 million tonnes

d. 222.66 million tonnes

8) Which of the following steel plants in India achieved record production of 5.71 million tonnes (mt) of hot metal (a 6.3 per cent growth over 2009-10), 5.33 mt of crude steel (4.3 per cent) and 4.57 mt of saleable steel (4.3 per cent)?

a.Bhillai Steel Plant

b.Rourkela Steel Plant

c. Bokaro Steel Plant

d.Salem Steel Plant

9) The Department of Information Technology (DIT) on 5 April 2011 published a draft policy on which of the following to enable the government departments to provide services, including payment of utility bills and filing of tax with the use of a medium?

a.Mobile governance

b.E-governance

c. Service Delivery Gateway

d.Applications Inter-operability

10) Which of the following was not proposed in the Union Budget 2011-12 presented by pranab Mukherjee?

1.Special vehicles were proposed to be created in the form of Infrastructure Debt Funds to attract foreign funds.

2.Rs. 300 crore expenditure was proposed to promote horticulture centres in rain fed areas for increasing crop productivity.

3.For the manufacturing sector, the budget proposed reduction of basic customs duty on raw silk from 30 to 5 per cent.

4.Concessional 10 per cent Excise Duty was also proposed for fuel cell or Hydrogen cell-technology-based vehicles.

a.1 & 3

b.Only 2

c.Only 4

d.3 & 4

11) Sectors                                                                   Budgetary Allocations

1.Agriculture & Allied Activities                         A. Rs 14362 crore

2.Rural Development                                     B. Rs  38852 crore

3.Defence Sector                                           C. Rs 55438 crore

4.Industries & Minerals                                   D. Rs 164415 crore

   A  B  C  D

a.1  4  2  3

b.2  1  3  4

c. 3  1  4  2

d.4  2  3  1

12) In the Budget it was proposed to provide sum of money for implementation of vegetable initiative to set in motion a virtuous cycle of higher production and incomes for the farmers. What was the proposed amount?

a.Rs 500 crore

b.Rs 300 crore

c. Rs 10000 crore

d. Rs 650 crore

13) According to an extensive genetic study on modern humans, two conclusions were drawn out.

i) There is an enormous amount of diversity in the African hunter-gatherer populations.

ii) The genetic diversity among 27 present-day African populations originated in southern Africa and progressed to northern Africa.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

a) Both i and ii

b) Neither I and ii

c)  Only i

d) Only ii   

14) A massive Tsunami caused by a devastating earthquake of the 8.9 magnitude hit about 400 km north-east of Tokyo, capital of Japan. Consider the following statements regarding Tsunami.

i) A Tsunami is a series of ocean waves that sends surges of water, reaching heights of over 100 feet onto land.

ii) Most tsunamis, about 80 percent, happen within the Pacific Ocean’s Ring of Fire, a geologically active area where tectonic shifts make earthquakes and volcanoes common.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

a) Both i and ii

b) Only i

c) Only ii

d) Neither i nor ii

15) Which one of the following Indian states recently released a Braille version of the RTI (Right to Information) Act and its rules for the benefit of visually challenged?

a) Gujarat

b) Bihar

c) Haryana

d) Madhya Pradesh

16)Engineering and construction major L&T announced that it has achieved financial closure for which of the following with the help of 10-bank consortium led by SBI pitching in with Rs 11478 crore debt?

a.Kolkata Metro Rail Project

b.Pune Metro Project

c.Delhi Metro project

d.Hyderabad Metro Rail project

17) Indian cricket captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni was offered and accepted the honour of being chosen to get an honorary commission in which of the following?

a.Indian Navy

b.Territorial Army

c. Indian Air Force

d. Indian Para-military Force

18) Which of the following real estate firms on 5 April 2011 announced a gift in the shape of villas worth Rs. 9 crore to skipper M.S. Dhoni and his teammates following their victory in the World Cup 2011?

a.DLF

b.Amrapali

c. Unitech

d.Tata Construction & Projects Ltd

19) Roger Federer won his fourth Australian Open Tennis Championship and 16th Grand Slam on 31 Jan 2010. Who did he defeat in the final of the Australian Open 2010?

a. Rafael Nadal

b. Andy Murray

c. Fred Perry

d. Rod Laver

20) Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana was proposed to be being extended to the beneficiaries of which of the following Union Government schemes?

a.Mahatma Gandhi NREGA beneficiaries

b.Beneficiaries of Swavlamban pension scheme

c.Indira Gandhi National old Age Pension scheme beneficiaries

d.Beneficiaries of Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana

21) Which of the following companies announced their alliance with Chennai Super Kings as the official team partner for the upcoming IPL Season 4?

a. ONGC

b. Indian Oil Corporation

c. Hindusthan Petroleum

d. Gulf Oil Corporation

22) Scientists have identified five genes which raise the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Consider the following statements regarding Alzheimer’s disease.

i) Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of Dementia.

ii) Problems that happen due to the Alzheimer’s are personality-disorder, decision making, abstract thinking and loss of initiative.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

a) Only i

b) Only ii

c)  Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

23) A giant predatory theropod dinosaur, similar in stature and size to Tyrannosaurus rex, has been identified by palaeontologists. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

i) The new dinosaur, named Zhuchengtyrannus magnus, probably stood four metres tall, was 11 metres long and weighed around six tonnes.

ii) Like T. rex, it was a carnivore with huge powerful jaws.

iii) It ran on back legs, with small front limbs.

a) Only i and ii

b) Only i and iii

c)  Only ii and iii

d)  All i, ii and iii are correct

24) Solvay, the Belgian soda ash maker which sold a drugs unit a year ago, agreed to buy which of the following French companies to add specialty chemicals spanning ingredients for moisturisers and car-part polymers?

a.Rhodia

b.Danisco

c.Cognis

d.Le Zèbre

25) Gilead Sciences, a California based bio-pharmaceutical research firm, and its patent partner, Roche Holding AG, have sued which of the following Indian generic drug makers in March 2011 for allegedly infringing a US patent for Tamiflu, a drug used in treatment of bird and swine-flu infections?

a.Dr Reddy’s

b.Natco Pharma

c. Ranbaxy Laboratories

d. GlaxoSmithKline

26) AT&T on Sunday announced that it had agreed to buy T-Mobile USA from which of the following telecom companies for $39 billion?

a.Deutsche Telekom

b.Sprint Nextel

c.Verizon Wireless

d.Comcast

27) What is the prize-money of the golf tournament ‘Avantha Masters’ that began on 11 Feb 2010?

a. €1.5 million

b. €1 million

c. €2.5 million

d. €2 million

28) An international team of scientists, led by the Australian National University recently discovered evidence that the body’s immune cells often share information about foreign substances with each other to ward of invaders. The study can help increase the immunity level in human body against pathogens and cancer. Which of the followings are the symptoms of Cancer?

i) Weight Loss

ii) Excessive Sweating

iii) Lumps and Swelling (tumour)

iv) Enlargement of Spleen

Please choose the correct option:

a) i, ii, iii and iv

b) i and ii only

c)  i, ii and iii

d) only i

29) Which of the following companies in April 2011 filed a petition in the Supreme Court to block penal action initiated by the Income Tax authorities on its contested $2.5-billion tax bill?

a. Vodafone International

b. Bharti Airtel

c. Uninor

d. Tata Teleservices

30) Vivendi agreed to buy Vodafone Group's 44% stake in which of the French mobile-phone operator’s for euro 7.95 billion ($11.3 billion) to win full control of its largest unit and secure more stable earnings?

a.T-Mobile

b.Orange

c. Virgin Mobile

d. SFR

31) A consortium comprising two companies acquired the IPL’s global Internet, mobile and audio rights, along with television rights in specific territories outside India, for the next four years. The consortium bagged the rights with a winning bid of Rs 261.6 crore in Chennai on 20 March 2011. Which are the two companies included in the consortium?

a. TIL & Nimbus Communication

b. Reliance Big Pictures & Zoom

c. TIL & Colors

d. Zoom and UTV Motion Pictures

32) Which chess player won his maiden Grand Master norm in the Chennai Open 2010 International Grand Master chess tournament on 1 Feb 2010?

a. R. Siddharth of Chennai

b. Kravtsiv of Ukraine

c. P. Shyam Nikhil of Tamil Nadu

d. Maxim Turov of Russia

33) Who was appointed member of ICC Cricket Committee as a representative of national coaches on 11 Feb 2010?

a. Gary Kirsten

b. Mark Taylor

c. Kumar Sangakkara

d. Tim May

34) At the European Geosciences Union meeting in Vienna, the scientists calculated that the Earth sees about __ thunderstorms every hour.

a) 670

b) 580

c) 760

d) 960

35) HCL Technologies on Thursday announced the expansion of its Smart Grid partner ecosystem by entering into strategic alliances with two data management software firms focused on the smart grid market. Which are the two firms with which HCL has entered into an alliance?

1. Infosys

2. eMeter

3. Cape Gemini

4. Tridium

a. 1 & 2

b. 2 & 3

c.  2 & 4

d. 1 & 4

36) The Gujarat Government banned controversial book, entitled Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and his struggle with India. Who is the author of the book?

a) Joseph Lelyveld

b) Joseph Ponting

c) Hugh Grant

d) Vikram Seth

37) Which one of the following states imposed a blanket ban on plastic bags?

a) Delhi

b) Haryana

c) Himachal Pradesh

d)Tamil Nadu

38) Who is the Chairperson of the Central Board Film Certification?

a) Sharmila Tagore

b) Karan Johar

c)  Nafisa Ali

d) Om Puri

e) None of these

39) Ali Akbar Salehi is the foreign minister of

a) Israel

b) Iran

c) Afghanistan

d) Indonesia

40) Who is the new chief of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)?

a) AP Singh

b) Arun Shourie

c) Sanjeev Tripathi

d) BK Gupta

41) When is the National Youth Day observed?

a) January 14

b) February 14

c)  August 31

d) January 12

42) What is Tejas?

A) Spacecraft

B) Missile

C) Submarine

D) Light combat aircraft

43) Who became the world number one badminton player?

a) Saina Nehwal

b) Wang Xin

c) Sania Mirza

d) Wang Shixian

44) Name the cricketer who beat Michael Clarke by a comfortable 15-vote margin to bag the Allan Border Medal besides being named Australia’s ODI Player of the Year in Feb 2010?

a. Shane Watson

b. Simon Katich

c. Mitchell Johnson

d. Sachin Tendulkar

45) In India’s first sale of rupee perpetual bonds by a non-finance company Rs 1500 crore ($332 million) was raised. Name the non-finance company.

a.Tata Steel

b.Pantallons Retail

c. RIL

d.Maruti Suzuki

46) With his victory in the men’s large hill ski jump on 20 Feb 2010 at the Vancouver Olympics, he became the first person to win four individual gold ski jumping medals. Name this sportsperson.

a. Simon Ammann (Switzerland)

b. Ahonen Janne (Finland)

c. Alexander Nicholas (USA)

d. Bardal Anders (Norway)

47) The Indian Government in April 2011 issued a notice to which of the following companies to terminate licences for Kerala, West Bengal and Assam for delay in roll- out of services in these three circles?

a.Sistema Shyam Teleservices

b.Tata Teleservices

c. Reliance

d. BSNL

48) Open market operations, one of the measures taken by RBI in order to control credit expansion in the economy means —

(A) Sale or purchase of Govt. securities

(B) Issuance of different types of bonds

(C) Auction of gold

(D) To make available direct finance to borrowers

(E) None of these

49) Capital Market Regulator is—

(A) RBI

(B) IRDA

(C) NSE

(D) BSE

(E) SEBI

50) As we all know Govt. of India collects tax revenue on various activities in the country. Which of the following is a part of the tax revenue of the Govt.?

(i)  Tax on Income

(ii)  Tax on Expenditure

(iii) Tax on Property or Capital Asset

(iv) Tax on Goods and Services

(A) Both (i) and (iii) only

(B) Both (ii) and (iv) only

(C) All (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(D) Only (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(E) None of these

ANSWERS:

1)      A             2) A        3) B        4) A        5) A        6) A        7) A        8) A       9) A        10) B      11) A      12) B 13) A          14) A      15) A             16) D      17) B      18) B     19) B      20) A     21) D      22) C      23) D      24) A 25) B           26) A      27) A      28) A      29) A             30) D      31) A      32) A      33) A      34) C      35) C      36) A 37) A          38) A      39) B      40) C      41) D      42) D      43) B             44) A      45) A      46) A     47) A      48) A 49) E           50) C

Sayari

bahuth rota hai,
Tute huwe dil ka har aansu ye kehta hai
Na hona Qafa kabhi apni taqdeer ke khel se,
Hum yahan nahi tho wahan milenge...
ye sochkar dil chup hojata hai.

Sayari

Bikhar rahi hai meri Zindgi us se kehna
Kabhi miley to yahi baat us se kehna

Who sath tha to zamana tha hamsafar mera
Magar AB koi nahin merey sath us se kehna

Usey kehna k bin us k din nahin kat'ta
Sisik sisik k kati hai raat usey kehna

Usey pukaaron k khud hi pohanch jaoon us k pas
Nahin rahey who hallat usey kehna

Agar who phir b na lotey to aey meherban dost
Hamari zindgi k halaat usey kehna

Her jeet us k naam ker raha hoon main
Main manta hoon apni haar usey kehna

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Coz No one knows when it will cheat you?

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